In agriculture, surveying is required to prepare topographical maps that indicate variations in the level of the land's surface. Topographical maps are necessary as a base for the preparation of research station maps which include layout of field, buildings, roads, and soil conservation measures.
The first chapter gives a brief description of a pastoral production system, as envisaged by the study team and outlines the multi-disciplinary approach of the study, its sampling design and the data collected. Chapters 2 & 3 describe Kenya's biophysical and socio-economic environments, within which the Maasai livestock production system operates. The biophysical environment of the study site is described in detail in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 describes the social organization of the Maasai and how it affects their use of livestock and grazing resources.
Research carried out to evaluate management options and animal production potential of native and improved pastures in savanna regions of tropical America is reviewed, with emphasis on Colombia's Eastern Plains. In areas with limited infrastructure native grasses are the main forage resource and weight gains of cattle grazing these native pastures with burning and mineral supplementation vary from 70 to 90 kg/hd and from 15 to 20 kg/ha.
This study is part of a larger study on dairy marketing in Ethiopia, and concentrates on the producers'end of the marketing chain. Specifically, the markets of first sale used by dairy producers were identified and the marketing patterns of three categories of dairy producers (intra-urban, peri-urban and peasant) were investigated. The study was carried out on a sample of 173 dairy producers between February and July 1986, using structured questionnaires.
To produce the desired results, therefore, watershed management efforts must incorporate "forest hydrology", "soil and water conservation" and "land use planning" into a broader, logical framework that takes into consideration not only physical interrelationships but economic, social and institutional factors as well. In this issue, Unasylva examines several facets of watershed management.
Throughout history, the forests have been valued for the multiplicity of products and benefits that they provide, both for subsistence and for trade: foods, medicines, spices, resins, gums, latexes, wildlife, fuelwood, and of course timber and other wood products. The literature is rich with examples of international trade in forest products, many dating back thousands of years. Significantly, in most cases the products sought by traders were resins, oils, spices, and much less frequently timber.
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