Individuals cannot privately own land in China but may obtain transferrable land-use rights for a number of years for a fee. Currently, the maximum term for urban land-use rights granted for residential purposes is seventy years. In addition, individuals can privately own residential houses and apartments on the land (“home ownership”), although not the land on which the buildings are situated.
China has a unique land use system in which there are two types of land ownership, namely, state-owned urban land and farmer collective-owned rural land. Despite strict restrictions on the use rights of farmer collective-owned land, rural land is, in fact, developed along two pathways: it is formally acquired by the state and transferred into state ownership, or it is informally developed while remaining in collective ownership.
Millones de personas de todo el mundo dependen de recursos naturales, como la tierra, la pesca y los bosques, que se utilizan de manera colectiva como propiedades comunales. Estas son fundamentales para la cultura, el bienestar y la identidad cultural. Como fuente de alimentos e ingresos, constituyen una importante red de seguridad, en particular para las personas más vulnerables y marginadas.
À travers le monde, des millions de personnes dépendent des ressources naturelles telles que les terres, les pêches et les forêts, qui sont utilisées collectivement comme des biens communs. Les biens communs sont essentiels à la culture, à l’identité et au bien-être. Source de nourriture et de revenus, ils agissent comme un important filet de sécurité, surtout pour les populations les plus marginalisées et les plus vulnérables.
This study draws on some case studies of land reforms in different South Asian countries. These reforms came on the national and international agenda in a major way in the post- World-War II period and were led by the transition theory, requiring agriculture to provide both surplus and labor for the growth of a modern industrial economy and leading to focus on efficiency in agricultural production (which would release resources -capital and labor- for investment in the modern industrial sector), rather than on distribution.
The Regulations aim to strength the supervision of planning, land and real estates of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (hereinafter referred to as the “Special Zone”) , safeguard enforcement of the laws and regulations.
These Regulations are enacted according to the “Act for promotion of private participation in infrastructure projects”, aiming to promote civil participation in public land lease in infrastructure projects. The Regulations consist of 5 Articles.Article 1 establishes the favorable rentals regarding public land lease in infrastructure projects. If the public land use plan cannot be completed, not due to the fault of the private institution, the government authority can reduce or grant late payment (art.4).
This Act is enacted for the purposes of regulating expropriation of land, ensuring reasonable land use, safeguarding private properties and promoting public interest. Land expropriation shall be governed by this Act.To establish any of the undertakings for public interest purpose as prescribed in Article 3, the State may expropriate private land.
This Act governs the leasing of farm land.The amount of rent from farm land shall not exceed 37.5 per cent of the total annual harvest of the principal product of its main crops. It shall be reduced to 37.5 per cent if the originally agreed rent is more than 37.5 per cent. It shall not be increased to 37.5 per cent if the originally agreed rent is less than 37.5 per cent.The Municipal or County (City) Government and the Village (Township,City, District) Office shall respectively set up the Farm Land Tenancy Committee.
These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China. The Text consists of 31 Articles divided into 5 Chapters: General Provisions (I); Grassland Ownership and Use Right of Grasslands(II); (III); Grassland Protection and Utilization (III); Reward and Punishment (IV); Supplementary Provisions (V).
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