Across rural Africa, land legislation struggles to be properly implemented, and most resource users gain access to land on the basis of local land tenure systems.
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Library ResourceJournal Articles & BooksDecember, 2006Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria, Belgium, Rwanda, Mali, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Niger, Cameroon, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Lesotho, Uganda, Italy, Tanzania, Botswana, France, Africa
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Library ResourceReports & ResearchDecember, 2000Switzerland, Belgium, El Salvador, Zimbabwe, China, Indonesia, Jamaica, Austria, Guinea, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Thailand, Philippines, Uganda, Italy, Tanzania, Eritrea
Historically, land improvement schemes were based on encouraging, through financial incentives, land users to adopt specific soil management and conservation measures. Insufficient attention was paid to the constraints faced by farmers or to the policy, biophysical and socio-economic environment. In many cases such approaches have failed in restoring the natural resources and in increasing productivity in sustainable manner. For too long farmers have been the passive recipients of externally derived research and extension recommendations for soil management and conservation.
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Library ResourceInternational Conventions or TreatiesJanuary, 1979Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, Canada, United States of America, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Japan, Mongolia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Croatia, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) - currently ratified by 187 countries - is the only human rights treaty that deals specifically with rural women (Art. 14). Adopted in 1979 by the United Nations Generally Assembly, entered into force in 1981. The Convention defines discrimination against women as follows:
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