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[2] USAID (2013). Pastoral Land Rights and Resource Governance. R. Behnke and M. Freudenberger. Washington DC, United States Agency for International Development.
[3] Ibid.
[4] De Haan, C., E. Dubern, B. Garancher and C. Quintero (2016). Pastoralism development in the Sahel: A road to stability. Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Cross-Cutting Solutions Area. Washington DC, World Bank.
[5] Mundy, P. (2023). "World map of pastoralists." Retrieved 27 July, 2023, from http://www.pastoralpeoples.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Pastoralist-ma....
[6] FAO. (2023). "Pastoralist Knowledge Hub: Key facts." Retrieved 24 July, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/pastoralist-knowledge-hub/en/.
[7] ILRI, I., FAO, WWF, UNEP and ILC, (2021). Rangelands Atlas Nairobi, Kenya International Livestock Research Initiative (ILRI).
[8] Ibid.
[9] Niamir-Fuller, M. (2022). "Sustainable pastoralism: a Nature-based Solution proven over millennia." Crossroads Blog https://www.iucn.org/crossroads-blog/202206/sustainable-pastoralism-natu... 2023.
[10] FAO. (2023). "Pastoralist Knowledge Hub: Key facts." Retrieved 24 July, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/pastoralist-knowledge-hub/en/.
[11] Dass, P., B. Z. Houlton, Y. Wang and D. Warlind (2018). "Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California." Environmental Research Letters 13(7): 074027.
[12] ILRI, I., FAO, WWF, UNEP and ILC, (2021). Rangelands Atlas Nairobi, Kenya International Livestock Research Initiative (ILRI).
[13] Ibid.
[14] UNEP. (2021). "New atlas reveals rangelands cover half the world’s land surface, yet often ignored despite threats." Retrieved 25 July, 2023, from https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/new-atlas-reveals-ra....
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[16] ILRI, I., FAO, WWF, UNEP and ILC, (2021). Rangelands Atlas Nairobi, Kenya International Livestock Research Initiative (ILRI).
[17] FAO. (2019). "Trees, forests and land use in drylands: the first global assessment – Full report." FAO Forestry Paper No. 184. Rome. Retrieved 25 July, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/3/ca7148en/ca7148en.pdf.
[18] Flintan, F. and A. Cullis (2010). Introductory Guidelines to Participatory Rangeland Management in Pastoral Areas, Save the Children USA Ethiopia Country Office, FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Co-ordination Office and European Commission Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO).
[19] Luizza, M. (2019). "Urban Elites’ Livestock Exacerbate Herder-Farmer Tensions in Africa’s Sudano-Sahel." New Security Beat: The blog of the environmental change and security program https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2019/06/urban-elites-livestock-exacerbat... 2023.
[20] Mundy, P. (2023). "World map of pastoralists." Retrieved 27 July, 2023, from http://www.pastoralpeoples.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Pastoralist-ma....
[21] (2023). Transhumance. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[22] IPCC (2022). Chapter 4: Land degradation. Special report on climate change and land, International Panel on Climate Change.
[23] GEF. (2023). "Land degradation neutrality." Retrieved 27 July, 2023, from https://www.thegef.org/what-we-do/topics/land-degradation-neutrality#:~:....
[24] Ibid.
[25] Flintan, F. and A. Cullis (2010). Introductory Guidelines to Participatory Rangeland Management in Pastoral Areas, Save the Children USA Ethiopia Country Office, FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Co-ordination Office and European Commission Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO).
[26] International Crisis Group (2014). The security challenges of pastoralism in Central Africa. Africa Report No 215.
[27] Lopez, M. (2016). "The Rights of Pastoralist Peoples. A Framework for their Recognition in International Law." The Age of Human Rights Journal: 83.
[28] FAO (2022). Making way: developing national legal and policy frameworks for pastoral mobility. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines 28. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
[29] FAO (2016). Improving governance of pastoral lands: Implementing the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. Governance of Tenure . Technical Guide No. 6. Rome.
[30] FAO (2012) "Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security."
[31] FAO (2018). Crossing boundaries: Legal and policy arrangements for cross border pastoralism. Rome, FAO and IUCN.
[32] FAO (2022). Making way: developing national legal and policy frameworks for pastoral mobility. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines 28. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
[33] African Union (2010). Policy framework for Pastoralism in Africa: Securing, Protecting and Improving the Lives, Livelihoods and Rights of Pastoralist Communities. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[34] Devex. (2023). "African Union InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR)." Retrieved 27 July, 2023, from https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-union-interafrican-bureau-fo....
[35] International Crisis Group (2014). The security challenges of pastoralism in Central Africa. Africa Report No 215.
[36] Capacity4dev. (2014). "Pastoralism and Conflict." Retrieved 27 July, 2023, from https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/articles/pastoralism-and-conflict.
[37] Tuffa, S. (2022). "Maintaining Sustainability and Resilience in Rangeland Ecosystems." Research in Ecology 4(2): 51-55.
[38] Korf, B., T. Hagmann and R. Emmenegger (2015). "Re-spacing African drylands: Territorialization, sedentarization and indigenous commodification in the Ethiopian pastoral frontier." The Journal of Peasant Studies 42(5): 881-901.
[39] International Crisis Group (2014). The security challenges of pastoralism in Central Africa. Africa Report No 215.
[40] De Haan, C., E. Dubern, B. Garancher and C. Quintero (2016). Pastoralism development in the Sahel: A road to stability. Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Cross-Cutting Solutions Area. Washington DC, World Bank.
[41] Jobbins, M., A. McDonnell and L. Brottem (2021). Pastoralism and Conflict: Tools for Prevention and Response In the Sudano-Sahel. 2nd Ed. Washington DC, Search for Common Ground.
[42] International Crisis Group (2014). The security challenges of pastoralism in Central Africa. Africa Report No 215.
[43] Jobbins, M., A. McDonnell and L. Brottem (2021). Pastoralism and Conflict: Tools for Prevention and Response In the Sudano-Sahel. 2nd Ed. Washington DC, Search for Common Ground.
[44] Freudenberger, M. and Z. Mobga (2018). The Capture of the Commons: Militarized Pastoralism and Struggles for Control of Surface and Sub-Surface Resources in Southwest Central African Republic. Land Governance in an Interconnected World: Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington, DC.
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[49] Kerven, C. (2023). "Edito's quote." Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice.
[50] Scoones, I., Ed. (2023). Pastoralism, Uncertainty and Development. Rugby, Warickshire, UK, Practical Action Publishing. P.4
[51] FAO and IFAD (2022). Geotech4Tenure. Technical guide on combining geospatial technology and participatory methods for securing tenure rights. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
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[53] IOM (2018). Migration in Kenya: A Country Profile. Nairobi, Kenya, International Organization for Migration.
[54] Rigaud, K. K., A. de Sherbinin, B. Jones, S. Adamo, D. Maleki, A. Arora, F. Casals, T. Anna, T. Chai-Onn and B. Mills (2021). Groundswell Africa: Internal Climate Migration in the Lake Victoria Basin Countries. Washington, DC., World Bank,.
[55] Ibid.
[56] Scoones, I. (2022). Livestock, climate and the politics of resources: A primer. Amsterdam, The Transnational Institute.
[57] Houzer, E. and I. Scoones (2021). Are Livestock Always Bad for the Planet? Rethinking the Protein Transition and Climate Change Debate. Brighton, University of Sussex, Pastoralism, Uncertainty, Resilience: Lessons from the Margin Programme.
[58] Vetter, S. (2020). "With Power Comes Responsibility – A Rangelands Perspective on Forest Landscape Restoration." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4.
[59] Ibid. P.3
[60] van Niekerk, P. (2023). Dubai carbon trader buys up African forests — saving the planet or environmental colonialism? Daily Maverick. South Africa.
[61] Scoones, I. (2022). Livestock, climate and the politics of resources: A primer. Amsterdam, The Transnational Institute.
[62] PASTRES (2022). The benefits of pastoralism for biodiversity and the climate. Pastoralism and biodiversity: Brief 1/6. University of Sussex, Pastoralism, Uncertainty, Resilience: Global Lessons from the Margins Programme.
[63] Scoones, I. (2022). Livestock, climate and the politics of resources: A primer. Amsterdam, The Transnational Institute.
[64] Flintan, F. (2008). Women's empowerment in pastoral societies, World Institute for Sustainable Pastoralism (WISP), Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNDP and IUCN.
[65] Hodgson, D. L. (1995). The politics of gender, ethnicity and" development" images, interventions and the reconfiguration of Maasai identities in Tanzania, 1916-1993, University of Michigan, Hodgson, D. L. (2000). Gender, culture & the myth of the patriarchal pastoralist, Hodgson, D. L. (2017). Gender, justice, and the problem of culture: from customary law to human rights in Tanzania, Indiana University Press.
[66] Onyima, B. N. (2021). Women in Pastoral Societies in Africa. The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies. O. Yacob-Haliso and T. Falola. Cham, Springer International Publishing: 2425-2446.
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[68] FAO (2020). Pastoralist youth in towns and cities Supporting the economic and social integration of pastoralist youth: Chad and Burkina Faso. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation. P.2
[69] Ibid. P. 15
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