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Showing items 1 through 9 of 12443.
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Library Resource
Asia, Central Asia, Europe
Many cities across Europe and Central
Asia are experiencing the impacts of climate change, but
most have not integrated climate adaptation into their
agendas. This paper examines the threats faced and measures
that can be taken by cities in the region to protect
buildings, heritage sites, municipal functions, and
vulnerable urban populations. In general, local governments
must be proactive in ensuring that existing buildings are
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Library Resource
The main purpose of this study is to
assess the changing landscape of agricultural protection and
taxation patterns in the region. The study is based on the
EU-10 sample, plus Turkey, as well as seven countries in the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Kazakhstan, the
Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan (the CIS-7). In
2000-04, these countries accounted for 89 percent of the
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Library Resource
Asia, Central Asia, Europe
The climate is changing; and the Europe
and Central Asia (ECA) region is vulnerable to the
consequences. Many of the region's countries are facing
warmer temperatures, a changing hydrology and more extremes,
droughts, floods, heat waves, windstorms, and forest fires.
Already the frequency and cost of natural disasters have
risen dramatically in the region. And the concentration of
greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere guarantees that
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Library Resource
This report deals with medium and
long-term growth issues rather than the challenges posed by
the world financial crisis, the structural policy options
presented in the report become even more important in that
context, and can help to partially mitigate the impact of
the crisis on Macedonia. Section B looks at poverty and
inequality issues. Section C examines Macedonia's past
growth in terms of total factor productivity analysis,
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Library Resource
In 2007, Montenegro was one of the
world's fastest growing non-oil economies. The country
reaped the benefits from its comprehensive, pre-independence
reform program. After the international recognition of
statehood had removed the lingering uncertainty over
Montenegro's political status, investors reassessed the
country's relative attractiveness as a site for
business, responding positively to (i) the implementation of
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Library Resource
Belarus has a large and extensive social
protection system (SP) covering a significant share of the
population. Belarus has adopted a single methodology for
calculating income to target Public Targeted Social
Assistance (GASP). This methodology also is used when
testing an applicant's income/means for some of the
child benefits. To reduce the leakage of benefits to the
non-poor while expanding GASP, this note assesses the
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Library Resource
This study comprises a review of
government post-disaster safety nets as well as those
provided by the private insurance market in four countries
of Central Europe, namely the Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, and Slovakia. The study attempts to establish the
extent of financial vulnerability of governments and
households to natural hazards in four countries of Central
Europe by examining: 1) the fiscal policy of four Central
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Library Resource
Russian economy has been growing at an
average nominal rate of 6 percent annually for the past
decade. Among the most important factors contributing to its
expansion has been the skyrocketing cost of oil and gas. In
2000, when Vladimir Putin took office, the cost of oil was
approximately $20 a barrel; at the end of his term, it was
five times higher. Meanwhile, the competitiveness of Russian
enterprises has become increasingly fragile because of the
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Library Resource
This paper covers the most commonly used
means to charge road users, including fuel taxes, vehicle
taxes, vignettes and tolls. It presents a brief survey of
road user charging systems in selected European countries
and a more detailed overview of current status and
perspectives of road user charges in Poland. Consideration
is also given to private financing of roads through
different forms of public-private partnerships (PPP),
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Library Resource
The newly elected government takes
office at a time of stark economic challenges. The outfall
of the global economic crisis threatens to undo many of the
achievements of the recent past, derail convergence with the
European Union (EU), and heighten social vulnerability. The
election of a strong government offers a timely opportunity
to restore and broaden the economic reform agenda which had
been initiated before EU accession and but lost some
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