The Kyrgyz Republic suffered severe
shocks during the early years of independence, loosing its
traditional markets in the Former Soviet Union republics, as
well as substantial transfers and subsidies from the Soviet
Union, that included a falling GDP during the first five
years of transition. These circumstances prompted the Kyrgyz
Republic to adopt a wide range of reforms to accelerate the
transition to a market economy, emphasizing price and trade

The energy sector plays a significant role in the overall economy of Azerbaijan, as in other transition countries, and the World Bank's experience suggests that without energy sector reform and financial viability the transition process is much more difficult and delayed. The objective of this report, therefore, is to outline the issues and options facing Azerbaijan as it develops and implements its agenda for reform of the energy sector in order to inform the country's dialogue on this subject and the associated decision making process.

The study reviews the macroeconomic
developments in the Kyrgyz Republic following the collapse
of the Soviet Union, when adjustments were required since
output fell by fifty percent between 1991-95, resulting in
adverse fiscal consequences, which triggered losses in tax
revenues, along with the implicit end of energy subsidies.
Part I examines the fiscal, and debt sustainability,
proposing a three-fold strategy : efforts for an urgent

This paper provides an overview of the
privatization of the Russian coal industry. It reviews the
salient aspects of the Government's privatization
policy as it evolved over the years, and looks at the
reasons for the successes and the pitfalls encountered along
the way. Specific procedures and methods of sale are
described in detail. A profile of the new owners of the
industry is given, with a look at the implications for

Although China has made impressive progress in economic development and improving social well-being, it is facing many daunting challenges while transforming toward a knowledge and service-based economy and further opening up to international competition after its WTO accession in the context of knowledge revolution. One of the biggest challenges is how to create 100-300 million new jobs in the coming decade to absorb the millions of laid-offs, rural emigrants and newly added labor force.

This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM)
looks at the potential for accelerated economic growth in
Tajikistan, where as of the peace agreement of mid-1997,
renewed reform efforts have brought stability, where
inflation is under control, small scale privatization has
been completed, and, efforts to reform agriculture have been
intensified. However, the main challenge lies in reducing
poverty through economic growth, helping the Government

The Kyrgyz Republic suffered severe
shocks during the early years of independence, loosing its
traditional markets in the Former Soviet Union republics, as
well as substantial transfers and subsidies from the Soviet
Union, that included a falling GDP during the first five
years of transition. These circumstances prompted the Kyrgyz
Republic to adopt a wide range of reforms to accelerate the
transition to a market economy, emphasizing price and trade

The oil and gas potential of
Vietnam's continental shelf remains relatively
unexplored compared with that of its neighbors, including
China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. A number of
factors affect the decision to undertake petroleum
investments: geology, geography, geopolitics, and investment
climate. Host governments cannot control the first three
factors. However, they do control the investment climate,

During revolution and national unification, Vietnamese government nationalized agricultural and forest land throughout the country. While agricultural land was de-collectivized in the Doi moi reforms since mid-1980s, the majority of forest and forest land has continued to be managed by state enterprises. For members of Vietnam’s 53 recognized ethnic minority groups, the formation of state-owned forest enterprises (SFEs) has meant the end of customary tenure arrangements, leading to exclusion from traditional lands used for agriculture, hunting, and collection of non-timber forest products.

Cutting 198.5918 ha in En village of Tarlao commune in Andoung Meas district of Ratanak Kiri province from ELC of Hoang Anh Oyadav; Donating 180.6482 ha to 63 families; and Reserving 17.9436 ha as state public land.

Cutting 165.4029 ha in Lom village of Malik commune in Andoung Meas district of Ratanak Kiri province: 48.9604 ha from ELC of Veasna Investment, and 116.4425 ha from ELC of Jiang Ly; Donating 141.9664 ha to 32 families; Reserving 23.4365 ha for population growth and physical infrastructure development; and Granting ownership to 39 private land parcels.

Cutting 996.01 ha of land in Pu Luh village of Busrar commune in Pech Chreada district of Mondulkiri province: 474.83 ha from Phnom Namlea Wildlife Sanctuary, 107.98 ha from Mondulkiri Genetic Resources, Plants and Wildlife Conservation Protected Forest, 5.82 ha from ELC of Sethikula, 379.66 ha from ELC of Dak Lak, and 27.72 ha from ELC of K Peace; Reclassifying 874.10 ha as state private land for donating to 352 families; and Reserving 121.91 ha as state public land.