Millions of coffee farmers and coffee
trading enterprises lack sufficient credit. This is partly
due to myriad challenges and considerable costs that formal
lending institutions face serving rural, often isolated
markets. A better understanding of coffee sector risks is
needed to respond with strategies, training, and tools that
can help farmers and enterprises, mitigate their exposure to
risk, and strengthen their resilience against inevitable

This paper hypothesizes that labor and
credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm
income-generating activities and restricting access to
inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more
deeply than male productivity. The paper develops a
theoretical model that decomposes the contribution of
various market imperfections to the gender productivity gap.
The paper shows empirically that agricultural labor

This paper examines whether cooperative
behavior by respondents measured as contributions in a
one-shot public goods game correlates with reported
pro-forest collective action behaviors. All the outcomes
analyzed are costly in terms of time, land, or money. The
study finds significant evidence that more cooperative
individuals (or those who believe their group members will
cooperate) engage in collective action behaviors that

This paper analyzes the dynamic effects
of rate-of-return regulation on firms’ emissions compliance
behavior when the price of emissions permits is uncertain.
The paper shows that uncertainty regarding the price of
permits would motivate a regulated firm to adopt a more
self-sufficient strategy and would reduce the
cost-effectiveness of emission allowance trading. When
allowance transactions are treated as capital investments,

In May 2005, the Bank adopted a new
policy and new procedures on Additional Financing
(OP/BP13.20) for investment lending, replacing the previous
policy on supplemental financing. This policywas later
revised in March 2012. This learning product assesses the
performance of the AdditionalFinancing (AF) operations
approved since then and draws lessons from their
implementationexperience. The assessment focuses on AF in

This handbook is the product of a
workshop held in June 2014 with about 25 environmental
regulators from over 10 FCV-affected countries (Burkina
Faso, Central African Republic, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar,
Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, and
Sudan) that was financed by the Korean Trust Fund (KTF) and
organized and hosted by the World Bank Group (WBG). Over the
course of one week the participants went through a dense

Improving logistics performance is at
the core of the economic growth and competitiveness agenda.
Policymakers globally recognize the logistics sector as one
of their key pillars for development. Trade powerhouses in
Europe like the Netherlands or in developing countries like
Vietnam or Indonesia see seamless and sustainable logistics
as an engine of growth and of integration with global value
chains. Indeed, inefficient logistics raises the costs of

An Integrated Fiduciary Assessment (IFA)
was conducted for the proposed Transformation of Agriculture
Sector Program Phase-3 (PSTA 3) Program-for-Results (PforR)
operation. The assessment used the DRAFT Guidance Notes on
Program-for-Results Operations and Requirements of OP/BP
9.00, Program for Results, (PforR). The OECD-DAC four
pillars approach was also used to define the inherent risks
in the procurement environment. The assessment covered the

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(MEA), The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity study
(TEEB) and the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) provide a comprehensive and
useful framework to understand human dependence on ecosystem
services and how best to protect these services in
perpetuity. In these three authoritative studies, payment
for ecosystem services (PES) is listed as one of the

Although the potentially negative
impacts of credit constraints on economic development have
long been discussed conceptually, empirical evidence for
Africa remains limited. This study uses a direct elicitation
approach for a national sample of Rwandan rural households
to assess empirically the extent and nature of credit
rationing in the semi-formal sector and its impact using an
endogenous sample separation between credit-constrained and

This issue includes the following
headings: finding the right broadband public-private
partnership (PPP): whats key for emerging economies?; reform
has its rewards: telecom takes off in Myanmar; e-gov
excellence: models from Colombia, Ghana, India, and
Portugal; know what you know: creating a government
technology strategy; and closing the gap: Facebook and intel
connect the unconnected.

This paper explores the challenges and
opportunities that government officials face in designing
coherent 'rules of the game' for achieving urban
sustainability during times of growth. Sustainability is
judged by three criteria. The first involves elements of
day-to-day quality of life, such as having clean air and
water and green space. The provision of these public goods
has direct effects on the urban public's health and