The aim of this paper is to review the
state of the productive infrastructure of Uruguay and the
development policies that govern it and to propose policy
options for the long term contribution to achieving a higher
level of economic and sustainable development, based on the
premise that there is a link between the development of a
country's infrastructure and its economic growth. The
study analyzes the institutions and pertinent regulations.

This country program evaluation (CPE)
assesses the outcomes of the World Bank Group (WBG) program
in Timor-Leste during the review period (2000 to 2010). The
WBG’s strategy during this period was to support the
government of the nascent country in three broad areas: (a)
poverty alleviation and the provision of basic social
services, including health and education; (b) development of
state institutions, including creating good governance and

This report is intended to support the
analysis and implementation of reforms aimed at a
strengthening of the intergovernmental system in Colombia.
In mid-2007 congress approved a legislative act as
constitutional amendment that increases the level of the
main transfer to sub-national governments, the General
System of Transfers (SGP). However an adjustment of the
regulations and institutional arrangements within the

This report describes and explains how,
in the period 1990-2008, China's railway sector has
contributed and responded to the incredibly challenging
transport demands generated by China's economic
development, and highlights the plans and possibilities that
lie ahead. In 1949, China had only 22,000 km of poorly
maintained and war-damaged railway line, less than 1,000 km
of which was double-tracked with none being electrified.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has demonstrated that humans are already undermining or even threatening the capacity of many of the world's terrestrial ecosystems to deliver essential services to humanity. Land use is one major factor that may act as a stressor on ecosystems and has been shown to be able to alter global biogeochemical cycles as well as influence biodiversity on local, regional and even global scales. Climate change will affect land systems both directly, i.e.

It is widely believed that bioenergy will contribute significantly to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, higher energy security, and stimulate rural development. On the other hand, competition with food production for land and water as well as carbon and biodiversity losses due to the large-scale removal of natural vegetation for biomass plantations are among the most important arguments raised against any further expansion of the bioenergy sector.

These organizations have joined together to recommend the principles presented below. The document concludes with anticipated next steps, which point toward a toolkit of best practices, guidelines, governance frameworks, and possibly codes of practice by the major sets of private actors.

Projections of future crop yields are highly uncertain. At global to regional scale, CO2 fertilization has the potential to generally increase crop yields on current crop land. However, it is highly unlikely that yield increases due to CO2 fertilization will be fully achieved in most regions, as long term positive effects are subject to scientific debate and increased yield levels require also adaptations in management.

Armenia's strong economic growth
from 2001-2008, when real gross domestic product (GDP) grew
12.6 percent per year on average, boosted living standards
and created the fiscal headroom necessary for the Government
to respond to the 2009 financial crisis with a large fiscal
stimulus. As a result, the fiscal deficit reached 7.6
percent in 2009 and helped limit the contraction in real GDP
to 14 percent. With the economy growing again, the stimulus

This evaluation assesses the outcomes of
World Bank Group’s (WBG’s) development support to the West
Bank and Gaza for the period 2001-09. It covers the programs
of the World Bank - International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), International Development
Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC),
and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The
main objectives of the WBG program were broad, reflecting

The primary aim of this evaluation is to
develop lessons from the Bank’s experience in the three
selected countries of Columbia, Tunisia, and Turkey
regarding assistance aimed at employment creation and
earnings growth. The evaluation focuses on employment
creation and earnings growth because these have a strong
bearing on the extent to which the central objective of
poverty reduction is achieved. The evaluation assesses the

Pakistan has faced a seismic shift in
its global and domestic economic landscape which until
recently limited policy options to address investment
climate concerns. External shocks, internal policy inaction
and political turmoil placed the country in a precarious
economic condition, calling on the authorities to take a
hard look at the policy choices ahead. Macroeconomic
instability resulting in inflation, exchange rate