The 3rd FIG 3D-Cadastres Questionnaire was conducted and distributed by the end of 2018, with an extended deadline of 15th of January 2019. The questionnaire survey is a part of the FIG working group 3D-Cadastres activities for the period of 2018-2022.

A Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) is a big investment for a jurisdiction tasked with the administration of land boundaries. In the past, the development of such a database produced no real pay-back on investment until many years, and millions of dollars had been committed. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO-TC211 2012) provides a model of a schema in which a progressive creation and improvement of a DCDB is possible, to allow benefits to be obtained even in the early stages of this effort.

An important part of a land administration system that is aimed at constantly reflecting the current right holders of the land and supporting the real estate market, is the system behind the registration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities. Over time the way land transactions have been evidenced, moved from oral agreements, via private conveyancing to registration of deeds, and ultimately registration of title (Larsson 1991).

Land is a valuable and finite resource, particularly in a small country such as Israel. A variety of drives, such as: urbanization and smart utilization of space, is prompting the stakeholders to promote new land policies. These policies should reflect the societal needs and demands as well as factor in and balance between numerous aspects. Furthermore, in recent years the ecological angle, forest and species preservation have become more and more acute, urging in turn for an even stricter land related actions.

Utilities, buildings and infrastructure digital representations are very important set of spatial data for quality and sustainable spatial management and development of community in general. Many countries are on the way of the establishment of the 3D cadastre. Existing 2D cadastral systems are able to make gradual transition to 3D cadastre, but for the implementation of real 3D cadastre in many countries it is necessary to change the regulations. A topographic sign or topographic symbol is representation of a topographic

Spatial plan (or urban plan) as an aggregate product of sectoral policies (i.e., environmental, disaster management, economy, forestry), will be imposed to all land parcels in the form of public law to achieve the vision of a city. This vision relies heavily on the interoperability of land-use, land tenure, land value, and land development. The inseparability between land administration and spatial planning is widely acknowledged by cadaster communities in achieving sustainable development and important for landowners and investors alike.

In February 2008, FIG submitted the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). After three meetings with the LADM/ISO19152 Project Team (in Copenhagen, Denmark, May 2008; in Delft, The Netherlands, September 2008; and in Tsukuba, Japan, December 2008) we are now preparing a Committee Draft (CD), the next stage in the development process of an International Standard.

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory. The effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land register were considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional, and technical solutions implemented in the Croatian Land Administration System and the possibilities for its upgrade to 3D cadastre.

LADM is a international standard for the land administration domain. It will stimulate the development of software applications and will accelerate the implementation of proper land administration systems that will support sustainable development.

Land is a scarce resource, and has a big share in the economic and social life of both developing and developed countries. Efficiently operating land markets are vital in the development of countries. Information unavailability is one of the most crucial differences between land and other markets, which can lead to asymmetrical information among various parties. Land administration systems contain a vast amount of data regarding attributes of land and land markets, and the transparency of these systems control the efficiency of the land markets’ operation.

This paper describes the last developments of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The Final Draft International Standard, ISO FDIS 19152, unanimously passed on 1 November 2012 the final vote towards becoming an International Standard (IS). After technical editing by ISO secretariat in Geneve, Switzerland, the first edition has been officially published on 1 December 2012 as International Standard ISO 19152:2012(E) ?Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)‘ and ?Information géographique — Modèle du domaine de l‘administrationdes terres (LADM)‘.