In this chapter, we explore the forces that have shaped the current challenge of securing land tenure for those with little voice, power, and means. Focusing on the Global South, we identify trends in the ebb and flow of land tenure security and insecurity, distinguishing between those tied to agricultural-based societies and forest-dependent populations where relevant.

Conflict between farmers and livestock herders, normally pastoralists, has received heightened attention over the last two decades. However, primary research on the causes of these conflicts is scarce.

Land ownership has long been argued to enhance farm productivity by improving tenure security. But does this hold for both female and male owners? Few studies have empirically examined the relationship between gender, landownership, and productivity globally, and even fewer have done so for Asia. Gender differences in the likelihood of landowners self-cultivating as opposed to leasing out their land are even less explored.

Since 2000, many African countries have introduced programs aimed at providing smallholder farmers with low-cost certificates for land held un-der customary tenure. Yet there are many contending views and debates on the impact of these land policies and this book reveals how tenure security, agricultural productivity, and social inclusion were affected by the interven-tions.

Over the past two decades, growing recognition of forest-based Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPs and LCs) sparked forest tenure reforms to formalize IP and LC rights to forests and forest lands through a variety of mechanisms. Nevertheless, tenure security, an intended objective of such reforms, has received less attention, despite being integral to the life and livelihoods of IPs and LCs and important for forests.

This learning guide provides civil society organizations (CSOs) with a methodology and a set of materials to undertake training on the VGGT and SSF Guidelines with civil society actors from the grassroots to the national level. Trainees will learn how to apply the VGGT to actual tenure governance challenges. They will also learn to use the SSF Guidelines, which reinforce the principles of the VGGT specifically in the context of small-scale fisheries.

The baseline study aims to generate the baseline data on the Amahoro-at-Scale project’s main indicators, which will serve as reference for the mid-term and final evaluation. The baseline study should help set more realistic targets for the indicators. 

The Amahoro-at-Scale project is part of the larger LAND-at-Scale programme, funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and implemented by its Enterprise Agency (RVO).

This document lists the lessons learned, achievements, and challenges experienced by the Saameynta Joint programme (henceforth Saameynta) related to establishing durable solutions for internal displacement.